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Professor Nigel Tapper

Photo of Nigel Tapper

Contact Details:

School of Geography and Environmental Science
Monash University
Wellington Road
Victoria 3800
Tel: 03 9905 2931
Email: Nigel.Tapper@monash.edu

Qualifications:

B.A., M.A. (1st class Hons) 1972-1976, Ph.D. 1977-1981 (University of Canterbury, N.Z.)

Employment History:

2010- Professor of Environmental Science, School of Geography and Environmental Science, Monash University
 
2007-2009Professor and Head, School of Geography and Environmental Science, Monash University (Teaching and research leadership, along with management responsibility for the School – annual budget $12.0m, 52 full-time academic, research only and general staff, ~50 casual staff)
 
2005-2007Foundation Director, Monash Sustainability Institute, Monash University (Leadership and co-ordination role for Monash-wide research across the key themes of Climate, Water, Energy, Biodiversity and Transport)
 
2000-2004Professor and Head, School of Geography and Environmental Science, Monash University (Teaching and research leadership, along with management responsibility for the School)
 
2001Visiting Professor, National Center for Atmospheric Research, CO., U.S.A. (Visiting research only position at NCAR)
 
1997-2006Joint Coordinator, Monash Atmospheric Science Program (Administrative and leadership responsibility for the program at Monash University)
 
1981-2000Lecturer, Senior Lecturer, Associate Professor, School of Geography and Environmental Science, Monash University (Teaching, research and administrative duties)

Brief Biography Including Research Interests:

Professor Nigel Tapper holds a Personal Chair in Environmental Science at Monash University where over the last 10 years he has variously served as Head of the School of Geography and Environmental Science, Foundation Director of the Monash Sustainability Institute (a key University research institute responsible for facilitating and coordinating Monash-wide research across the key themes of Climate, Water, Energy, Biodiversity and Transport), and Joint Coordinator of the Monash Atmospheric Science Program. Outside Monash University Nigel has been a Member of the EDAW (global urban design company) Sustainability Thought Leadership Group since 2008, with special responsibility for matters relating to urban climate and climate change.

Nigel has an active research program in surface-atmosphere interaction, climate change adaptation and mitigation, and climate impacts, especially as they relate to urban environments, human health, dust and fire. He is particularly known for his work on the meteorology and climatology of Australia’s arid zone and seasonally wet tropics and for his collaborative work on the climate dynamics of the maritime continent (the vast area of tropical ocean and islands lying to the north of Australia that plays a critical role in Australia’s climate). He has been a Chief Investigator/ Project Leader on a number of international meteorological field experiments in the region, including AMEX (Australian Monsoon Experiment), MCTEX (Maritime Continent Field Experiment), and more recently TWP-ICE (Tropical Warm Pool   International Cloud Experiment), CAFÉ (Central Australian Fronts Experiment), GLEX (Gulf Lines Experiment) and SAFE (the Savanna Fire Experiment) that has demonstrated the strong links between fire and climate in the Australian tropical savannas. With colleagues Nigel has recently undertaken considerable contract research work for the Victorian State Government in the area of climate change adaptation (see list of recent publications, research grants and consultancies). Nigel Tapper also has strong teaching and research interests in Europe where he teaches a Monash class “Cultural Landscape, Environment and Sustainability” in the Cinque Terre, Italy and where he has recently established collaborations with a number of institutions to investigate climate change impacts on agriculture and forestry.

In October 2007 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was jointly awarded the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize (shared with former US Vice-President Al Gore). Nigel, along with many other scientists contributed to the work of the IPCC that led to the award of that prize. Nigel is co-author of the classic text on Australian climate and weather (Sturman, A. and Tapper, N., The Weather and Climate of Australia and New Zealand, Oxford University Press, 2nd edn. 2006), and recently co-edited Bridging Wallace's Line: Environmental and Human History and Dynamics of the Southeast Asian-Australian Region (Springer-Verlag, 2002). He has also had two other books, ten book chapters and over 120 research publications in an academic career spanning 28 years. He has held ARC competitive funding almost continuously since 1985, and has supervised more than 25 Ph.D. students to completion.

Current National/International Memberships of Panels/Committees/Professional Associations:

2010- Member, Research Evaluation Committee (REC), Physical, Chemical and Earth Sciences, Excellence in Research for Australia (ERA), Australian Research Council
 
2009- Member, Implementation Committee, Victorian Centre for Climate Change Adaptation Research (VCCCAR)
 
2009- Member, IPCC Expert Panel on Infrastructure and Settlements
 
2009- Chair, Australian Academy of Science, National Committee for Geography
 
2005-8 Editor of International Journal of Climatology (Australasia, Asia and Oceania)
 
 
2005- Invited Expert Reviewer IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (FAR), Chapters 10 and 11 (Climate Impacts Asia and Australasia) as well as the chapter on Mitigation and the Synthesis report
 
2005- Member, Australian Academy of Science, National Committee for Geography
 
2005-Member, Indigenous Knowledge Advisory Group, Bureau of Meteorology
 
2003-Member, Physical Sciences Panel, PBRF (NZ Research Quality Assessment Process)
 
2000- Full Member of the International Geographical Union (IGU) Commission on Climatology
 
1998- Member, Expert Panel to advise World Health Organisation/World Meteorological Organisation on Health Guidelines for Forest Fire Episodic Events
 
1985-Fellow of the Institute of Australian Geographers
 
1985-Member, Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society

Teaching Areas (last 5 years only):

I contribute to eight graduate/undergraduate units in climatology/applied climatology/sustainability/physical geography in most years, including:

  1. GES3370/ATM3370 Applied Environmental Climatology. Covers climate-health interactions, integrated assessment and climate change, air quality and the built environment. Coordinated by Prof. Tapper 2006, 2009, 2010 and contribute most years
  2. ENV4040/ENV5040 Frontiers in Environment and Sustainability. This unit provides students with a fundamental technical understanding of a range of contemporary and emerging environmental issues affecting the human condition such as water quality and scarcity, global warming and climate extremes, waste management, etc. Coordinated by Prof. Tapper 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010
  3. GES2190/ATM2211 Climatology:Surface-Atmosphere Processes and Interactions. Covers energy balance principles and boundary layer processes and provides an understanding of topoclimatology. Coordinated by Prof. Tapper 2008, 2010 and contribute most years.
  4. GES3260/ENV4260 Cultural Landscape, Environment and Sustainability in Italy. Introduces students to the unique environment and cultural landscape of the Cinque Terre region and discusses sustainability practice in the context of an environment under considerable social, economic and environmental pressure as a consequence of tourism. Coordinated by Prof. Tapper 2005, 2007, 2009

Recent Research Grants and Consulting (2002 onwards):

Research Grants

  1. Department of Climate Change, National Centre for Climate Change Adaptation Research, Emergency management Initiative, 2010. “A spatial vulnerability analysis of urban populations to extreme heat events in Australian capital cities and predicted spatial vulnerability for 2030 climate change predictions.” $278K over two years. (Loughnan and Tapper)
  2. Department of Innovation, Industry and Regional Development, Victorian State Government, Victoria’s Science Agenda Investment Fund, 2009. Cities as Water Supply Catchments. $3M (over 3 years). This, together with $5.4M already secured from National Water Commission, Melbourne Water and 11 other industry partners ensures the commencement of this project in late 2009. Multiple investigators across 3 Faculties. Urban Microclimate Sub-Project funding ~$1.8M (Tapper and Beringer)
  3. Ministry for Resources and Energy, Australian Federal Government, Second Generation Biofuels Research and Development Program, 2009. “2Gen Pyrolysis Biorefinery.” Total funding $1.382M, direct funding to GES $280K (Honnery, Batchelor, Beringer, Garnier, Ghojel, Soria and Tapper)
  4. Department of Innovation, Industry, Science and Research, Commonwealth of Australia, 2009. &rquo;PREPARED-Enabling Change (Preparing Australian Urban Water Systems for the Impact of Climate Change).” $286K over 3 years (Deletic, McCarthy, Brown and Tapper). This funding is to enable Australian engagement in the European Commission Seventh Framework (FP7) project PREPARED (adapting water supplies and sanitation systems of cities to climate change), 2009. Total Funding eur10.70M (AUD$19.5M)
  5. Ministry of Policy for Food, Agriculture and Forestry, Government of Italy, 2009. Climate change and forest health in Tuscany. Total funding eur40K (AUD$75K) (Tapper)
  6. Department of Human Services, 2008-2009. Mapping Vulnerabilities of Melbourne Populations to Extreme Weather Conditions. $90K (Tapper, Loughnan and Nicholls)
  7. Victorian EPA, 2008. Impacts of Climate Change on Victorian Air Quality. $55K. (Beringer, Tapper and Pearce) Air quality in our changing climate. Final report for Victorian EPA, November 2008, 72 pp.
  8. ARC Discovery, 2007-2009. The Composition and Transport of Australian Aeolian Dust Critical to our Environment, Oceans and Climate. $780K over 3 years. (De Deckker and Tapper)
  9. Department of Human Services, 2007-2008. Reducing Harm to Older Persons in Victoria from Extreme Hot Weather. $100K (Ibrahim, McInnes, Evans, Tapper, Piterman and Cameron)
  10. ARC Discovery, 2005-2007. Climate, Vegetation and Fire in the Australian Palaeomonsoon: An Investigation Using Palaeodata Synthesis, Contemporary Observations and Model Experiments. $280K over 3 years (with Lynch Tapper and Kershaw)
  11. ARC Discovery, 2003-2005. Impact of Fire on Surface Heat and Moisture Fluxes in Australian Tropical Savanna and Feedbacks to Regional Climate. $250K over 3 years (Tapper, Beringer and Hutley)
  12. NOAA Office of Global Programs (Climate and Societal Interactions Element), 2003-2007. Indigenous and European Burning Patterns in Northern Australia: Contemporary and Traditional Knowledge Systems. $565K over 5 years (Orlove and Tapper)
  13. ARC Linkage, 2003-2005. Indigenous Weather Understandings in Australia. $120K over 3 years (Tapper and Russell).

Consultancies and Reports

  1. Department of Human Services, Victoria, 2006. Development of a heat watch warning system for Melbourne. $15K (Tapper, Loughnan and Nicholls) [production of a system based on the relationship between mortality and climate extremes for Melbourne that can be used in conjunction with B.O.M weather forecasts] A heat watch warning system for Melbourne, Victoria. Final report for DHS, December 2006, 34 pp.
  2. Australian Greenhouse Office, 2006. The scope for the paleorecord to evaluate the historical climate regime and its effects on fire regimes in Australia. $100 K. (Lynch, Tapper and others.) The scope for the paelorecord to evaluate the historical climate regime and its effects on fire regimes in Australia. Final report for the AGO, 75 pp.
  3. Department of Human Services, Victoria, 2008. Mortality and climate extremes for regional Victoria. $38 K. (Loungnan, Tapper and Nicholls) Temperature thresholds for fove major population centres in Victoria. Interim report for DHS, December 2008, 11 pp.
  4. Department of Human Services. Victoria 2008. Reducing Harm to Older Persons in Victoria From Extreme Hot Weather. Final Report for the DHS, 60 pp. (Ibrahim, McInnes, Evans, Tapper, Piterman and Cameron).
  5. City of Melbourne Workshop, 2010. Climate, climate change and the CoM Open Space Strategy. Facilitation of Workshop, November, 2010.

Selected Recent Refereed Publications

Books, Book Chapters and Editorship of Journal Special Issues (10 since 2002)

Tapper, N., 2010, “Australia”, in McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, 11th edition, Volume 2, McGraw-Hill, New York. (updated version of the 2007 entry in 20 Volumes). Also online version (accepted and in press)

Alexander, L. Tapper, N., Zhang, X., Fowler, H., Tebaldi, C. and A. Lynch (eds) 2009 “Special Issue: Climate extremes: progress and future directions.” International Journal of Climatology, 29(3), 317-459.

Tapper, N., 2007, “Australia”, p.419-423 in McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, 10th edition, Volume 2, McGraw-Hill, New York.

Sturman, A. and N. Tapper 2005, The Weather and Climate of Australia and New Zealand, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 541 pp. (ISBN 9 78019558 4660 ISBN 0 19 558466 X).

Kershaw, A., B. David, N. Tapper, D. Penny and J. Brown (eds.) 2002, Bridging Wallace's Line: Environmental and Human History and Dynamics of the Southeast Asian-Australian Region, Advances in Geoecology 34, Catena, Germany, 360 pp. (ISBN 3-923381-47-6)

Tapper, N., 2002, “Australia and New Zealand”, p.407-412 in McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, 9th edition, Volume 2, McGraw-Hill, New York (in 20 Volumes).

Beringer, J., N. Tapper, I. McHugh, T. Chapin and A. Lynch, 2002, “The role of treeline in the location of the Arctic Front”, p.133-136 in Holland, P. Stephenson, F and A. Wearing (eds.) 2001, Geography a Spatial Odyssey. New Zealand Geographical Society Conference Series No.21, 438pp. (ISSN 1174-7250).

Tapper, N., 2002, “Climate, climatic variability and atmospheric circulation patterns in the Maritime Continent region." Chapter 2, p.5-28 in Kershaw, A., B. David, N. Tapper, D. Penny and J. Brown (eds.). Bridging Wallace's Line: Environmental and Human History and Dynamics of the Southeast Asian-Australian Region, Advances in Geoecology, 34, Catena, Germany, 360 pp. (ISBN 3-923381-47-6)

David, B., A. Kershaw and N. Tapper, 2002 “Bringing home the Antipodes”, Chapter 1, p.1-4 in Kershaw, A., B. David, N. Tapper, D. Penny and J. Brown (eds.). Bridging Wallace's Line: Environmental and Human History and Dynamics of the Southeast Asian-Australian Region, Advances in Geoecology, 34, Catena, Germany, 360 pp. (ISBN 3-923381-47-6).

Applegate, G., R. Smith, J. Fox, A. Mitchell, D. Packham, N. Tapper and G. Baines, 2002 Forest and Forest Land Fires in Indonesia: Impacts and Solutions. Chapter 13 (p293-308). in Colfer, C and I. Resosudarmo (eds) Which Way Forward? Forests, Policy and People in Indonesia, RFF Press, Washington D.C., USA, 433pp.

Refereed Articles Currently in Review, in Press and Published (50 since 2002)

Pearce, J., Beringer, J., Nicholls, N. and N. Tapper, 2011, “Examining how temperature influences the air pollution-Mortality Relationship in Melbourne, Australia.” Environmental Health Perspectives (in review).

Alharbi, B., Pasha, M. and Husain, T. and N.Tapper, “Air pollution levels and trends in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia,” Tellus, Ser. B (in review)

Tapper, N., Katurji, M., Beringer, J. and L. Hutley, 2010, “Unique observations of atmospheric turbulence associated with a low intensity savanna fire, Adelaide River, Australia.” International Journal of Wildland Fire special issue (in review).

Alharbi, B., Maghrabi, A. and N. Tapper, 2010, “The March 2009 dust event in Saudi Arabia. Part I : precursor and supportive environment.” Journal of Arid Environments (in review)

Beringer, J& #0133;N. Tapper (and 21 others) 2010, “ SPECIAL – The Savanna Patterns of Energy and Carbon Integrated Across the Landscape campaign.” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society (in review).

Kilinc, M., Beringer, J., Hutley, L. and N. Tapper 2010, “Carbon and water exchange of the world’s tallest angiosperm forest.” Global Change Biology (in review)

Pearce, J., Beringer, J., Nicholls, N., Hyndman, R., and N. Tapper 2010, “Quantifying the influence of local meteorology on air quality using generalized additive modelling.” Atmospheric Environment (accepted).

Nicholls, N., Loughnan, M. and N. Tapper 2010, “Synoptic influences on temperature-mortality relationships.” International Journal of Health Geographics (in review).

Arcari, P., Tapper, N. and S. Pfueller 2010, “The impact of ENSO events on regional Dengue/DHF in Indonesia, International Journal of Health Geographics (in review)

Loughnan, M., Nicholls, N. and N. Tapper 2010, “The impact of ‘unseasonably’ warm temperatures on mortality and morbidity in Melbourne, Australia; a city with a temperate climate.” International Journal of Biometeorology (in review).

Harris, S., Tapper, N., Orlove, B and D. Packham, 2010 “Characterising the spatial and temporal distribution of burnt areas in remote communities of northern Australia, established from MOD09 surface reflectance imagery and change detection methods.” Applied GIS (in review).

Maghrabi, A., Alharbi, B., and N.Tapper, 2010, “Impact of the March 2009 dust event in Saudi Arabia on aerosol optical properties, meteorological parameters, sky temperature and emissivity.” Atmospheric Environment (accepted).

Pearce, J., Beringer, J. Nicholls, N. Hyndman, R., Uolita, P. and N. Tapper 2010, “Investigating the influence of synoptic-scale circulation on air quality using self-organizing maps and generalized additive modelling. Atmospheric Environment (accepted).

Loughnan, M., Nicholls N., and N. Tapper 2010, “Mortality-temperature thresholds for ten major population centres in rural Victoria, Australia.” Journal of Health and Place (accepted).

Loughnan, M., Nicholls, N. and N. Tapper 2010, “The effects of summer temperature, age and socioeconomic circumstance on acute myocardial infarction admissions in Melbourne, Australia.” International Journal of Health Geographics, 9, 41. Doi:10.1186/1476-072X-9-41.

O’Loingsigh, T., Mc Tainsh, G., Tapper, N. and P. Shinkfield, 2010, “Lost in code: A critical analysis of using meteorological data for wind erosion monitoring.” Aeolian Research, 2, 49-57 doi:10.1016/j.aeolia.2010.03.002.

Loughnan, M., Nicholls, N. and N. Tapper, 2010, “’Hot Spots Project’: Spatial vulnerability to heat events in Melbourne Australia.” Proceedings of the State of Australian Cities Conference, Perth, November 2009 (accepted and in press).

Coutts A.M., Beringer J., Tapper N., 2010 “Changing urban climate and CO2 emissions: implications for the development of policies for sustainable cities.” Urban Policy and Research (First Published online: 06 January 2010 . DOI: 10.1080/08111140903437716.).

Kilinc, M., Beringer, J., Hutley, L. Martin, D. and N. Tapper 2010, “Carbon stocks and fluxes from one of the world’s most carbon dense forests.” Agricultural and Forest Meteorology (AGROMET-D-09-00177, accepted 12/1/2010.)

Kilinc, M., Beringer, J., Hutley, L., Haverd, V. and N. Tapper 2010, “A quality evaluation of flux measurements above the world’s tallest angiosperm forest.” Agricultural and Forest Meteorology (AgForMet-D-09-00347, accepted 12/1/2010).

Kanniah, K. ,Beringer, J., Tapper, N. and C. Long, 2010, “Aerosols and their influence on radiation partitioning and savanna productivity in northern Australia.” Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 100, 3-4, 423-438.

D’Aprile, F., Tapper, N., Baker, P. and L. Bartolozzi 2009, “Radial growth of Silver Fir (Abies Alba Mill.) in Tuscany and climate Influence: first results.” p. 541-546, Proceedings, III National Congress of Silviculture for the Improvement and Conservation of Italian Forests, Taormina, Sicily.

Loughnan, M., Nicholls, N. and N. Tapper, 2009, “When the heat is on: threshold temperatures for AMI admissions to hospital in Melbourne, Australia.” Journal of Applied Geography (accepted, viewed online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2009.08.003)

Van der Kaars, S and Tapper, N and E. Cook, 2009 “Observed relationships between El Niño-Southern Oscillation, rainfall variability and vegetation and fire history on Halmahera, Maluku, Indonesia.” Global Change Biology (accepted; viewed online at http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119882027/issue)

Alexander, L. Tapper, N., Zhang, X., Fowler, H., Tebaldi, C. and A. Lynch 2009 “Climate extremes: progress and future directions.” International Journal of Climatology, 29(3), 317-319.

Kanniah, K., Beringer, J., Hutley, L., Tapper, N. and X. Zhu, 2009, “Evaluation of collections 4 and 5 of the MODIS Gross Primary Productivity product and algorithm improvement at a tropical savanna site in northern Australia.” Remote Sensing of the Environment, 113, 9, 1808-1822.

Packham, D., Tapper, N., Griepsma, D., Freidli, H., Hellings, J., and S. Burns, 2009, “Mercury in the Australian environment: a preliminary investigation of biomatter and soils.” Air Quality and Climate Change. 43(1), 24-27.

De Deckker, P., R. M. M. Abed, D. de Beer, K. Hinrichs, T. O'Loingsigh, E. Schefuß, J. W. Stuut, N. Tapper, and S. van der Kaars, 2008 “Geochemical and microbiological fingerprinting of airborne dust that fell in Canberra, Australia, in October 2002”, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 9, Q12Q10, doi:10.1029/2008GC002091.

Tapper, N. and D’Aprile, F. 2008 “Fire, drought and flood: climate change implications for the forestry sector in Australia (Incendi, siccita e inondazioni: brievi riflessioni su alcume implicazioni dei cambiamenti climatici in Australia).” L’Italia Forestale E. Montana 5, 2008, 383-393

Loughnan, M., Nicholls, N. and Tapper, N. 2008, “Demographic, seasonal and spatial differences in Acute Myocardial Infarction admissions to hospital in Melbourne, Australia.” International Journal of Health Geographics, 7, 42

David, B., Araho, N., Kuaso, A., Moffat I., and Tapper, N., 2008, “The Upihoi find: Wrecked wooden bevaia (Lagatoi) hulls of Epemeavo village, Gulf Proince, Papua New Guinea.” Australian Archaeology, 66, 1-14

Coutts, A., Beringer, J. and Tapper, N., 2008, “Investigating the climatic impact of urban planning strategies through the use of regional climate modelling: a case study for Melbourne, Australia”, International Journal of Climatology, 28(14), 1943-1957

Harris, S., Tapper, N., Packham, D., Orlove, B. and Nicholls, N., 2008 “The relationship between fire activity, rainfall and ENSO indices in northern Australia.” International Journal of Wildland Fire, 17. 674-684.

Nicholls, N., Skinner, C., Loughnan, M. and Tapper, N. 2007 “A simple heat alert system for Melbourne, Australia.” International Journal of Biometeorology, 52(5), 375-384.

Oke, A., Dunkerley, D. and Tapper, N., 2007, “Willy-willies in the Australian landscape: sediment transport characteristics”, Journal of Arid Environments, 71(2), 201-215.

Oke, A., Tapper, N. and Dunkerley, D., 2007, “Willy-willies in the Australian landscape: the role of key meteorological variables and surface conditions in defining frequency and spatial characteristics”, Journal of Arid Environments, 71(2), 216-228.

Wendt, C., Beringer, J., Tapper, N. and Hutley, L., 2007, “Local boundary-layer development over burnt and unburnt savanna: an observational study”, Boundary-Layer Meteorology 124, 291-304, DOI 10.1007/s10546-006-9148-3

Arcari, P., Tapper, N. and Pfueller, S. 2007, “Relationships between dengue/dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) and climate in Indonesia”, Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 28(3), 251-272.

Coutts, A., Beringer, A. and N. Tapper, 2007, “Impact of increasing urban density on local climate: spatial and temporal variations in the surface energy balance in Melbourne, Australia”, Journal of Applied Meteorology, 47 (4) 477-493, DOI: 10.1175/JAM2462.1

Lynch A., Beringer J., Kershaw P., Marshall A., Mooney S., Tapper N., Turney C. and Van Der Kaars S., 2007 “The scope for the palaeorecord to evaluate climate and fire interactions in Australia”, Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 35, 215-40

Beringer, J., Hutley, L., Tapper, N. and Cernusak, L., 2007, “Savanna fires and their impact on Net Ecosystem Productivity” Global Change Biology, 13, 990–1004, Doi: 10.1111/J.1365-2486.2007.01334.X

Coutts, A., Beringer, J. and Tapper, N., 2006, “Characteristics influencing the variability of urban CO2 fluxes in Melbourne, Australia”, Atmospheric Environment, 41, 51-62, oi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2206.08.030.

Loughnan, M., Tapper, N., Cameron, P., and Pfueller, S. 2006. Seasonal Variation in Acute Myocardial Infarction: Which groups amongst the elderly are most susceptible? Epidemiology, 17 (6) Suppl, S391.

Cernusak, L. Hutley, L., Beringer, J. and N. Tapper, 2006, Stem and leaf gas exchange and their responses to fire in a north Australian tropical savanna.” Plant, Cell and Environment 29, 632-646.

Burns, S., Tapper, N. and D. Packham, 2005, “The spatial and temporal distribution of dry season fire on Indigenous lands of north-central Arnhem Land: A feasibility study using MODIS satellite imagery.” Spatial Science Biennial Conferenece: Spatial Intelligence, Innovation and Praxis, Melbourne, p.89-98.

Arcari, P., Tapper, N, Pfueller, S and Windi C, 2005 “The importance of climate for Dengue/DHF in Indonesia.”, Epidemiology, 16(5); S37-S38

Beringer, J., Hutley, L., Tapper, N., Coutts, A., Kerley, A. and O’Grady, A. 2003, “Fire impacts on surface heat, moisture and carbon fluxes from a tropical savanna in northern Australia.” International Journal of Wildland Fire, (Special Issue, Fire and Savanna Landscapes in Northern Australia, Regional Lessons and Global Challenges)12:333-340.

De Deckker, P., N. Tapper and S. Van der Kaars, 2002, “The Status of the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool and adjacent land at the Last Glacial Maximum.” Global and Planetary Change, 35, 25-35.

Beringer, J. and N. Tapper, 2002, “Surface energy exchanges and interactions with thunderstorms during the Maritime Continent Thunderstorm Experiment (MCTEX).” Journal of Geophysical Research, 107 (D27), AAC 3-1 – AAC3-13.