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The Self and its Disorders: Humanistic, Psychiatric, and Neural Perspectives

Ian Gold and Jeanette Kennett , ARC Discovery Grant 2003-05 ($284,000)

Report On ARC Research Initiative ID:Sr0354503

1.Overview

The great 19th century physician, William Osler, is said to have admonished his colleagues to '[a]sk not what disease the person has, but rather what person the disease has.' Disease affects the person nowhere more than in mental disorder. Such disorders can fragment the self, distort its development in adolescence, or obliterate it in old age. These assaults on the self affect the sufferer's agency and autonomy, social relations, rationality, and responsibility, and although psychiatry and neuroscience have made remarkable progress in understanding the psychological and physical bases of mental disorders, too little is known about how mental disorder alters the personhood of the sufferer.

2. Aim

Because no single discipline can adequately understand the self and its pathologies, the aim of this project is to bring together researchers from the humanities, psychiatry, and the cognitive and neural sciences to investigate what mental disorder can reveal about the nature of the self, and what humanistic approaches to the self can contribute to its scientific study. Although our question is abstract and theoretical, progress in this area will have great practical significance. Mental disorder changes, diminishes, or destroys the thing that sufferers and their loved ones care most about — who they are, and how they relate to others. Because traditional research in the disciplines cannot address as broad a problem as the self, there is a sense in which the worst damage done by mental disorder is given little or no attention. Interdisciplinary research that addresses the question of the disordered self may lead to improvements in social policy and thereby to social and financial benefits for the community at large, and it may begin to make progress on this most intimate of big questions.

3. Importance

One in five Australians will suffer a mental illness at some time in their lives. There is an increasing incidence of depression and of early-onset psychosis, and the burden imposed by dementia is set to increase dramatically as the population ages. Because our theme is the disordered self, progress made by the Network could have direct financial and social benefits by making more precise the nature of the losses experienced by sufferers and suggesting some ways in which such losses may be addressed or ameliorated through social policy. For example, consider the values associated with parenting, completing a degree, pursuing a career, being married, or having a friendship. Individuals with a range of mental disorders may be largely denied access to these central human goods because of the disruptive effects of their illnesses. One of the most tragic effects of the onset in adolescence of mental illness is the loss of friendships that so often accompanies it. Sufferers can miss out on important social and developmental milestones, and this exacts an enormous social and financial toll on them, their families, and the community.

Developing more humane responses to those whose agency is diminished, and adopting health, welfare and education policies that improve their access to central goods would bring significant social benefits. A better understanding of mental disorder also has important implications for the law of involuntarily commitment to psychiatric institutions as well as for notions of criminal responsibility.

4. Period of Seed Funding

The seed funding allocated this project — granted from the ARC and from Monash University — was used for research assistance. The research assistants were responsible for identifying potential participants for the network using internet resources. These investigators were then contacted and asked for (a) summaries of their research; (b) suggestions about other potential participants in Australia; and (c) advice about the general trend of research in the area internationally.

We were unable to hold the meetings of participants envisaged in the Research Initiative proposal because of the lateness of the announcement of seed funding and also because only partial funding was granted.

5. Inventory of Research

For the purposes of outlining the state of current research on this topic in Australia, we divide the topic area into three disciplines: (1) philosophy; (2) cognitive neuroscience; and (3) social policy and services.

5.1.1. Overview

The central figures in philosophy have all been concerned with the nature of the self, and, in particular, the question of what makes a person the same self despite changes the person undergoes over time. The 'modern' debate was defined by Descartes who thought that selves were 'thinking things' rather than bodies. Much of subsequent philosophy accepted Descartes's dualism of mind and body, and much of contemporary philosophy is taken up with an attempt to avoid this dualism.

Although philosophers have not produced a satisfactory definition of "self,' the philosopher, Daniel Dennett (Dennett D. 1976. Conditions of personhood. In Rorty A.O., ed., The Identities of Persons. Berkeley: University of California Press), has usefully identified what might be thought of as indicators of selfhood. To be a person or self, according to Dennett, one must be rational; one must have psychological or mental properties; one must be treated by others as a self; one must be capable of treating others as selves; one must possess language; and one must have self-consciousness.

Contemporary philosophical research on the self can be seen as falling into one or more of Dennett's categories.

5.1.2. Investigators

Kim Atkins, UTAS, Philosophy has published in the areas of personhood, autonomy and embodiment. These areas tie in with the identity and consciousness aspects of the network.

Tim Bayne, Macquarie, Philosophy is interested in delusions, pathologies of the self and the (dis)unity of consciousness; in particular, whether the best explanations involve psychological or neurophysiological (or genetic) models. His work is relevant to the identity and consciousness sections of the network.

David Braddon-Mitchell, Sydney, Philosophy is currently publishing on personality and the nature of conscious experience, particularly focusing on the way in which psychiatric disorders can undermine personhood.

Andrew Brennan, UWA, Philosophy is working on issues of the unity of the self, which places him in the consciousness area of our network.

Susan Brison, Dartmouth College (US), Philosophy has published in areas including autonomy, the self and mental representation, which fits her work into the consciousness section of our network.

Melissa Bull, QUT, Law has published articles on addiction, will and self-control, which fit with the consciousness section of our network.

Stewart Candlish, UWA, Philosophy has published extensively on action, belief and mental imagery, which fit with the consciousness section of the network.

Terry Carney, Sydney, Law has published extensively on the treatment of anorexia, which fits with the identity section of the network.

Damien Cox, UQ, Philosophy is concerned with centrality of integrity in relation to issues such as self-deception, weakness of will and hypocrisy, which fits with the consciousness section of the network.

Robert Dunn, Wollongong, Philosophy has recently published on issues of weakness of will, attitudes, agency and rationality, which fits with the consciousness section of the network.

Carl Elliott, University of Minnesota (US ), Centre for Bioethics is working on pathologies of the self, work that would fit into the personality section of our network, as it concerns personality disorders, depression and the effects of medication.

Jorge Fernandez, Macquarie, Philosophy has published papers on our ability to know our own mental states, which fits with the consciousness section of the network.

Robyn Ferrell, UTAS, Philosophy has published in philosophy of mind, focusing on concepts of the self, which fits with the personality section of the network.

Philip Gerrans, Adelaide Philosophy focuses on understanding the relationship between psychopathology and normal cognition, specifically the theoretical questions that arise when we use mental disorders to develop cognitive models of mental function. This fits with the consciousness section of the network.

George Graham, Wake Forest (US), Philosophy is currently pursuing two interconnected lines of activity, both fitting into the consciousness section of the network. One consists of work on what various mental disorders tell us about consciousness, self-consciousness, and self-knowledge. The other consists of work on the metaphysics and phenomenology of consciousness

John Heil, Davidson (US), Philosophy is engaged in work that can be divided into three main themes: (i) general work on states of mind and their relation to neurological events; (ii) work on rational agency, in particular 'practical' rationality; (iii) work on 'divided' minds of a non-pathological sort. This fits with the consciousness section of the network.

Jakob Hohwy, Aarhus (Denmark), Philosophy is currently publishing work concerned with neuroscience and consciousness, which fits with the consciousness section of the network.

Richard Holton, Edinburgh Philosophy has published on rationality and weakness of will, the possibility of strength of will, and the space that is available for the exercise of free will. This helps with an understanding schizophrenia and depression, fitting in with the consciousness section of the network.

Frank Jackson, RSSS, ANU works on mental disorder as a species of representational disorder. This approach to the self as requiring representational coherence fits into the consciousness section of the network.

Neil Levy, CAPPE, Melbourne is currently publishing work on self-deception, automatism, addiction and responsibility. This places his work in the consciousness section of the network.

Catriona MacKenzie, Macquarie Philosophy is currently investigating the development of a relational approach to agency, moral responsibility and autonomy, which fits with the consciousness aspect of our network.

Steve Matthews, CSU Philosophy has several recent and forthcoming papers on agency, moral responsibility and DID. His work fits into the consciousness section of the network.

Bernadette McSherry, Monash, Law has published widely on the problems of assigning criminal responsibility to those who experience altered states of consciousness. This work corresponds with the consciousness section of the network.

Alfred Mele, Florida State (US), Philosophy works on questions relevant to the consciousness section of the network, focusing on problems of will, self-control and volitional disorders.

Peter Menzies, Philosophy, Macquarie, has published on the causal efficacy of mental states, which places his work in the consciousness section of the network.

Gerard O'Brien, Adelaide, Philosophy works on matters related to the consciousness part of our network, as his work is particularly concerned with neurocomputational models of cognition and consciousness, and neurophilosophical theories of mental representation.

Jon Opie, Philosophy Adelaide is working on neurocomputational models of cognition and consciousness, and neurophilosophical theories of mental representation and the self. This corresponds with the consciousness section of the network.

Philip Pettit, Princeton Politics has published extensively on issues including irrationality and weakness of will, which correspond to the consciousness section of the network.

John Sutton, Macquarie, Philosophyis currently working on pathologies of memory, particularly amnesia and distributed cognition. This fits with the identity section of the network.

Caroline West, Sydney, Philosophy is concerned with the nature and significance of deliberation and agency, which fits into consciousness area of the network.

5.1.3. Useful Websites

http://www.fsu.edu/~philo/people/faculty/almele.html

http://www.arts.uwa.edu.au/PhilosWWW/Staff/brennan.html

http://www.arts.usyd.edu.au/departs/philos/staff.shtml

http://www.wfu.edu/~grahamg/

http://www.adelaide.edu.au/philosophy/people/staff.html

http://www.phil.mq.edu.au/staff.htm

http://fcms.its.utas.edu.au/arts/philosophy/

http://www.uow.edu.au/arts/philosophy/phil_research.html#simpson

http://www.arts.uwa.edu.au/PhilosWWW/Staff/candlish.html

http://heifer.ucc.usyd.edu.au/law/

http://www.law.uq.edu.au/index.html?page=1742&pid=1741

http://www.law.qut.edu.au/about/staff/

5.2. Cognitive Neuroscience

The most significant contribution made by cognitive neuroscience to the study of the self are investigations of psychiatric and neurological disorders, specifically, those disorders that produce effects which diminish or alter aspects of selfhood as understood in folk psychological terms or in terms of philosophical analysis. Cognitive disorders of the self fall into three fundamental categories. They are listed below followed by the names of the relevant disorders.

Personality

Identity

Consciousness

5.2.1. Overview

Research in this area can usefully be divided into the three areas identified in the initial proposal. We, therefore, discuss the work of the investigators in the categories of Personality, Identity and Consciousness. We discuss the participants within the category to which their work most closely applies, though many of them could contribute considerably to all of the categories.

5.2.2. Investigators

5.2.2.1. Personality

Nick Allen, Psychology, Melbourne University, and principal research fellow at the ORYGEN research centre, works on the evolutionary bases of emotion. His work also addresses questions about the relationship between psychological dysfunction and social relationships, and the attitudes of those suffering with dysfunction towards their friends and family.

Richard Eckersley, Psychology, Deakin University, has published on psychosocial problems among the young. He also works on the risk factors for suicide among the young.

Henry Jackson, Psychology, University of Melbourne and senior research fellow at the ORYGEN centre,has investigated personality disorder and depression (particularly among rural populations). He has also conductive extensive clinical work on psychosis — particularly early onset psychosis.

Michael Kyrios, Psychology, University of Melbourne, has worked on obsessive compulsive personality disorder and on other psychopathologies such as social anxiety disorder. He also investigates risk factors contributing to suicide.

David McCallum, Victoria University of Technology, investigates various aspects of personality disorders. He has recently published a book on Personality and Dangerousness, a history of antisocial personality disorder and has also conducted research into the relationship between personality disorder and extreme violence.

Andrew Page, Psychology, University of Western Australia, has published on the five factor model, according to which personality disorders are simply extreme variants of normally existent personality traits. He develops the idea that a continual, rather than categorical, analysis of personality disorders is most appropriate. He has also published a number of articles and two books on specific phobias, generalised anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and agoraphobia.

Susan Paxton, Psychology, La Trobe University, is a health and clinical psychologist of the focusing mainly on eating disorders and body image. She also investigates risk behaviours such as smoking and unsafe sex practices, and the personality disorders. She is also concerned with the psycho-social risk factors for these disorders.

Dennis Velakoulis, Psychiatry, Melbourne University, is director of the Neuropsychiatry Unit at the Royal Melbourne Hospital and consultant neuropsychiatrist. His primary research has focussed on schizophrenia as well as other neuropsychiatric disorders.

5.2.2.2. Identity

Alexander Cowle MacFarlane, Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, investigates the relationship between the memory and the self, and the effect of trauma upon this relationship. He is also concerned with the expression of trauma in English Literature.

Cheryl Dissanayake, Psychological Science, La Trobe University, has worked mainly in the fields of autism and Asperger's syndrome, particularly focusing on autism in the developing children. Her published research has examined the effect of autism on social, emotional and intellectual development as well as attachment-forming behaviour in children. She has also investigated other aspects of child psychology such as pretend play, false beliefs, self/other discrimination and imitation.

Doris McIlwain, Psychology, Macquarie University, has investigated social isolation both with regard to mental health within Aboriginal communities and to affiliation with new religious movements. She is also concerned with the topic of narcissism, Machiavellianism, charisma and depression.

Nancy Pachana, Psychology, University of Queensland, is a clinical psychologist and clinical neuropsychologist. Her research focuses exclusively on the aged, especially dementia, She is also concerned with women's health issues in later life.

5.2.2.3. Consciousness

Ralph Adolphs, Neurology, University of Iowa, researches the neuroanatomical bases of emotion, through lesion and imaging studies. In particular his work focuses on recognition, expression and experience of emotion in facial expressions, vocal communication, stories, movies and music, and the effect of emotion on memory.

Max Coltheart, Director, Macquarie Centre for Cognitive Psychology, is chiefly interested in the cognitive processes underlying memory, object recognition and belief formation. He also investigates dyslexia and alexia.

David Copolov, Director of the Mental Health Research Institute, was the founding Chairman of the NHMRC Network for Brain Research into Mental Disorders, and has worked on the clinical and biological aspects of schizophrenia and related psychoses. He has investigated auditory hallucinations, and has combined diagnostic, behavioural, and neuroimaging techniques.

David Crewther, Acting Director, Brain Sciences Institute, Swinburne University , works extensively on the physiological mechanisms of attention, recognition and consciousness..

Sheila Crewther, Psychology, La Trobe University, investigates the physiology of the visual system and the effect of this system upon behaviour.

Cherrie Ann Galletly, Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, has worked extensively with patients suffering acute psychosis. Her main research interests are in cognitive neuroscience, schizophrenia and post-traumatic stress disorder, but she has published on a range of topics in psychiatry.

Nick Haslam, Psychology, Melbourne University, has worked on the topic of psychopathology and abnormal social relationships. He has also worked extensively on the natural tendency to view psychopathologies from an essentialist viewpoint.

Robyn Langdon, Macquarie Centre for Cognitive Science, is chiefly interested in the neuropsychiatric bases of delusions, particularly those associated with chronic schizophrenia. Her research approaches these phenomena from a Theory of Mind perspective. She also investigate the impairment of communication in sufferers of schizophrenia.

Jason Mattingly, Psychology, University of Melbourne, works on the topic of selective attention and memory in the context of brain damage and recovery.

Ramesh Rajan, Physiology, Monash University, studies the neurological bases of hearing, as well as the causes and possible remediation of hearing loss.

Marcello Rosa, Physiology, Monash University, has worked extensively mapping the organization of the visual pathways and occipital cortex, as well as more specific neuronal response research within these structures.

Michael Salzberg, Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, and consultant psychiatrist at St Vincent's Hospital, has investigated the disorders of thought and memory caused by schizophrenia. He also has a research interest in depression related to epilepsy.

Mark Williams Psychology, Melbourne University, works as a cognitive neuroscientist and has worked extensively on the neurobiology of emotion and of autism.

5.2.3. Useful Websites

http://www.anu.edu.au/psychology/NewWEB/interests2001.htm

http://www.latrobe.edu.au/psy/staflist.html

http://www.psych.usyd.edu.au/research.html

http://www.psychiatry.adelaide.edu.au/arstaff/

http://www.psychology.adelaide.edu.au/members/

http://www.psy.uq.edu.au/people/index.html?type=l

http://www.scieng.utas.edu.au/psychol/people.asp?ab=2813269

http://www.psychology.uwa.edu.au/home/staff

http://www.psych.unimelb.edu.au/staff/index.html

http://www.anatomy.unimelb.edu.au/staff/index.htm

5.3. Social Policy and Services

5.3.1. Overview

Social work and social policy has played a pivotal role in capturing the importance of personal and social relationships as anchors to identity. Identity and its development is understood to be attached to a variety of familial, social and cultural influences and relationships. The kinds of losses experienced by people suffering from mental illness strike at the core of identity: responsibility, autonomy, self-esteem, and attachment are frequent causalities. The literature and countless studies indicate that their loss can compound, and so hinder, pharmacological and psychiatric treatments. Restoring empowerment, autonomy, rights, citizenship and social relationships is seen as a complementary and significant way to ameliorate the kinds of losses to agency, and, accordingly, to minimise or lessen the duration and/or impact of mental illness.

The literature, both here and abroad, builds on these themes to incorporate analysis of the nature of our relationships, their interaction and influence upon identity and their relationship to mental health. Comparative analysis undertaken locally and internationally is particularly concerned with the interplay of culture, religion and gender and its relationship to identity and mental illness. Such studies, and others including indigenous populations, point to clear and consistent socio-cultural associations with a range of mental health issues such as depression, anxiety and personality disorders. Rural mental health remains a central topic of concern, due largely to complicating factors associated with distance, isolation, stigma, lack of services (particularly specialist/acute care) funding shortages and so forth. Other comparative studies taken from Canada, Sweden and Hungry examine community care, service delivery models and community responsiveness to mental health in the light of prevailing cultural and social influences. Themes concerned with relationships and their importance to the clinical and/or community setting explore the increasingly positive outcomes in redesigning mental health services in collaboration with service users.

5.3.2. Investigators

Daphne Habibis, School of Sociology and Social Work, University of Tasmania, comes with extensive sociological and social work experience. Her research interests are primarily concerned with assessing the psychiatric and social outcomes of rural and community mental health services in Australia, although her work also reflects a strong interest in crime, deviance and housing.

Janki Shankar, Social Work, Charles Sturt University investigates psychosocial rehabilitation and recovery from mental illness; the role of work in recovery; trans-cultural and indigenous mental health; informal support networks and family care-giving; consumer empowerment and advocacy; mental health service delivery systems; welfare reform policy; and employer education and support.

Fiona McDermott, Melbourne Social Work department focuses on mental health delivery and mental health research. Some of the research work she is currently supervising is more closely related to the self.

R. Mubarak Ali, School of Social Administration and Social Work, Flinders University, has extensive clinical experience with a variety of mental health units and facilities including adult and geriatric psychiatric services, child and family psychiatry, neurological and neurosurgical patients and their families. Dr. Mubarak's research focuses on the topics of mental health, gender and culture.

5.3.3. Useful Contacts

5.3.3.1. Social Policy, Research Institutes and Peak Bodies:

Health and Welfare

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW)
Contact: Mr. Richard Madden, Executive Director
richard.madden@AIHW.gov.au

Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW)
Contact: Mr. Ian Rentsch, Chief Executive Officer.
irentsch@aasw.asn.au

Department of Community Services NSW (DOCS)
Contact: Dr. Neil Shepherd, Director General
neil.shepherd@community.msn.gov.au

Australian Council of Social Services (ACOSS)
Contact: Mr. Andrew McCallum, President
acoss@acoss.org.au

Victorian Council of Social Services (VCOSS)
Contact: Ms. Cath Smith, CEO
cath.smith@vcoss.org.au

The Australian Institute of Welfare and Community Workers Inc
Contact: Ms. Margaret MacMahon, National President
gaiafriend@hotmail.com

Brotherhood of St. Laurence, Research Division
Contact: Mr. Stephen Ziguras
sziguras@bsl.org.au

Catholic Welfare Australia
Contact: Mr. Neil Harrigan, Acting National Director
admin@catholicwelfare.com.au

Dept. of Human Services, Victoria.
Metropolitan Health and Aged Care Services
Office of the Chief Psychiatrist, Assoc. Prof. Amgad Tanaghow
Contact: Ms. Marle Purnean, Personal Assistant
marle.purnean@dhs.vic.gov.au

Salvation Army
Melbourne Central Division Headquarters
Public Relations Department
Contact: Stuart Hamilton
stuarthamilton@aus.salvationarmy.org

Wesley Mission
Contact: Rev. Dr. Gordon Moyes, Superintendent.
gkmoyes@wesleymission.org.au

The Ignatius Centre for Social Policy and Research.
Jesuit Social Services
Contact: Father Peter Norden
peter.norden@jss.org.au

Victorian Local Governance Association
Contact: Andrew Rowe, Chief Executive
vlga@vlga.org.au

Human Rights Council of Australia
Contact: Patrick Earle, Executive Director
pearles@optusnet.com.au

Drug and Alcohol

The National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre (NDARC)
University of New South Wales
Contact: Prof. Richard Mattick, Director

Housing

Australian Federation of Homelessness Organisations (AFHO).
Contact: Ms. Narelle Clay, Chairperson
ceomclay@syss.org.au

Loddon Malle Accommodation Network
Contact: Heather Holst
heather@loma.net.au

Youth

Australian Youth Affairs Coalition (AYAC)
Contact: Jamie Crosby, Independent Chairperson.
crosj@ihug.com.au

Aged Care

Aged and Community Services Australia
Contact: Mr. Greg Mundy, CEO
gmundy@agedcare.org.au

Ethnicity

Federation of Ethnic Communities Council of Australia
Contact: Mr. Conrad Gershevitch, Director
conrad@fecca.org.au

Refugee Council of Australia
Contact: Ms. Margaret Piper, Executive Director
info@refugeecouncil.org.au

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander

Office for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health
National Indigenous Staff Network
Contact: Bilawara Lee, National Chairperson
bilawara.lee@health.gov.au

Cooperative Research Centre for Aboriginal and Tropical Health
Contact: Tony Barnes, Director
tonyb@menzies.edu.au

Mental Health

Mental Health Council of Australia.
Contact: Dr. Grace Groom, CEO
admin@mhca.com.au

Transcultural Mental Health Centre
Contact: Abd-Elmasih Malak, Director
(also director of the Australian Transcultural Mental Health Network and Multicultural Health for the Western Sydney Area Health Service).
Abd Malak@wsahs.nsw.gov.au

Mental Illness Fellowship Australia
Contact: The Hon. Robert Knowles, President
enquiries@mifellowship.org

Northwestern Mental Health
Mental Health Training and Development Unit
Contact: Mr. Greg Miller, Coordinator
greg.miller@nwhcn.org.au

Centre for Mental Health Research, ANU
Contact: Prof. Helen Christensen, Dept. Director
Helen.Christensen@anu.edu.au

Centre for Mental Health Research, ANU
Contact: Dr. Jeff Looi
Jeff.Looi@anu.edu.au

ORYGEN Youth Health
Contact: Mr. John Moran, Director Research Program
john.moran@mh.org.au

Corrections, Criminal Justice, Legal Centres

Office of the Correctional Services Commissioner
Contact: Mr. Kelvin Anderson
kelvin.anderson@justice.vic.gov.au

CRC Justice Support Inc., NSW
Contact: Alison Churchill, Executive Officer
info@crcnsw.org.au

Redfern Legal Centre
Contact: Gordon Renouf, Director
info@rlc.org.au

5.3.3.2. Universities: Welfare, Social Work, Social Policy, Sociology

University of South Australia
School of social work and social policy
Contact: Assoc. Prof. Adam Jamrozik
Adam.Jamrozik@unisa.edu.au

Charles Sturt University
School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Social Welfare and Social Work
Contact: Mr. Bill Anscombe, Course Coordinator
banscombe@csu.edu.au

Charles Sturt University
Dr. Janki Shankar
Social Welfare
jshankar@csu.edu.au

Charles Sturt University
Centre for Cultural Research into Risk
Contact: Prof. Heather Gibb, Assoc. Director
hgibb@csu.edu.au

La Trobe University
The Bouverie Centre, Mental Health Services
Contact: Mr. Brendan O'Hanlon
b.o'hanlon@latrobe.edu.au

Central Queensland University, Rockhampton.
School of Social Work and Welfare Studies
Contact: Assoc. Prof. Frances Killion
f.killion@cqu.edu.au

Flinders University
School of Social Administration and Social Work
Contact: Dr. A. R. Mubarak
mubarak@flinders.edu.au

The University of Melbourne
School of Social Work
Contact: Dr. Fiona McDermott
fionamm@unimelb.edu.au

University of Sydney
Department of Sociology and Social Policy
Contact: Dr. Alec Pemberton
Alec.Pemberton@arts.usyd.edu.au

University of New South Wales
School of Social Work
Contact: Dr. Michael Wearing
M.Wearing@unsw.edu.au

University of Newcastle
Centre for Mental Health Studies
Contact: Prof. Vaughan Carr
Vaughan.Carr@hunter.health.nsw.gov.au

University of Tasmania
Contact: Dr. Daphne Habibis, Sociology
D.Habibis@utas.edu.au

UNSW, Medicine
Centre for Culture and Health
Contact: Professor Maurice Eisenbruch
M.Eisenbruch@unsw.edu.au

5.3.3.3. Universities, Criminology

Australian Institute of Criminology
Contact: Toni Makkai, Acting Director
toni.makkai@aic.gov.au

University of Melbourne, Dept. of Criminology
Contact: Professor Tony Ward, Forensic Psychology Convenor
tward@unimelb.edu.au

University of Tasmania
Contact: Professor Rob White, Director Criminology Research Unit
rob.white@utas.edu.au

Bond University
School of Humanities and Social Sciences
Contact: Prof. Paul Wilson, Professor and Chair of Criminology.
pwilson@staff.bond.edu.au

5.3.4. Useful Websites

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW)
http://www.aihw.gov.au/

Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW)
http://www.aasw.asn.au/

Department of Community Services NSW (DOCS)
http://www.community.nsw.gov.au/

Australian Council of Social Services (ACOSS)
http://www.acoss.org.au/

Victorian Council of Social Services (VCOSS)
http://www.vcoss.org.au/

The Australian Institute of Welfare and Community Workers Inc
http://www.aiwcw.org.au/

Brotherhood of St. Laurence, Research Division
http://www.bsl.org.au/

Catholic Welfare Australia
http://www.catholicwelfare.com.au/

Dept. of Human Services, Victoria.
http://www.dhs.vic.gov.au/

Salvation Army
http://www.salvationarmy.org.au/melbourne/

Wesley Mission
http://www.wesleymission.org.au/

The Ignatius Centre for Social Policy and Research.
http://www.jss.org.au/programmes

Victorian Local Governance Association
http://www.vlga.org.au/

Human Rights Council of Australia
http://www.hrca.org.au/

The National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre (NDARC)
http://www.ndarc.med.unsw.edu.au/

Australian Federation of Homelessness Organisations (AFHO).
http://www.afho.org.au/

Loddon Malle Accommodation Network
http://www.loma.net.au/

Australian Youth Affairs Coalition (AYAC)
http://www.ayac.org.au/

Aged and Community Services Australia
http://www.agedcare.org.au/

Federation of Ethnic Communities Council of Australia
http://www.fecca.org.au/

Refugee Council of Australia
http://www.refugeecouncil.org.au/

Office for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health
http://www.health.gov.au/oatsih/cont.htm

Cooperative Research Centre for Aboriginal and Tropical Health
http://www.daniladilba.org.au/TropicHealth98.htm

Mental Health Council of Australia.
http://www.mhca.com.au/

Transcultural Mental Health Centre
http://www.tmhc.nsw.gov.au/

Mental Illness Fellowship Australia
http://www.schizophrenia.org.au/

NorthWestern Mental Health
http://www.mh.org.au/MentalHealth/About/default.htm

Centre for Mental Health Research, ANU
http://www.anu.edu.au/cmhr/

ORYGEN Youth Health
http://www.orygen.org/

Office of the Correctional Services Commissioner
http://www.aic.gov.au/research/corrections/facilities/vic.html

CRC Justice Support Inc., NSW
http://www.accc.gov.au/content/index.phtml/itemld/287089/fromltemld/341403

Redfern Legal Centre
http://www.rlc.org.au/

University of South Australia
http://www.unisa.edu.au/

Charles Sturt University
http://www.csu.edu.au/

Centre for Cultural Research into Risk, CSU
http://www.csu.edu.au/research/centres/

The Bouverie Centre, Mental Health Services, La Trobe University
http://www.latrobe.edu.au/centres/bouverie/mentalhealth/

Centre for Culture and Health, UNSW Medicine
http://www.cch.med.unsw.edu.au/

Australian Institute of Criminology
http://www.aic.gov.au/

University of Melbourne, Dept. of Criminology
http://www.criminology.unimelb.edu.au/

Criminology Research Unit, University of Tasmania
http://www.law.utas.edu.au/research.htm

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